Panleucopenia Felina
La Panleucopenia Felina (PF) es una enfermedad viral, altamente contagiosa que afecta a los gatos y es causada por el parvovirus felino. Durante los años, la PF ha sido una enfermedad conocida por una variedad de nombres entre ellos, distemper felino, enteritis infecciosa felina, fiebre del gato y tifoidea del gato. El distemper felino no debe confundirse con el distemper canino – aunque sus nombres son similares, estas son dos enfermedades distintas causadas por virus diferentes.
Después de la infección por el parvovirus felino, muchas células en proliferación activa son destruidas, como aquellas en la médula ósea, intestinos, y el feto en vías de desarrollo. Los gatos infectados frecuentemente desarrollan diarrea con sangre. Debido a que los glóbulos rojos y los glóbulos blancos son producidos en la médula ósea, los gatos infectados desarrollan anemia (debido a la pérdida de glóbulos rojos en la sangre) y además probablemente serán más susceptibles a otra enfermedad (debido a la pérdida de glóbulos blancos, los cuales juegan un papel fundamental para el sistema inmunológico). Las personas no desarrollan la PF aunque entren en contacto con un gato infectado porque el virus no es transmisible al ser humano.
Diagnóstico
La presentación de los signos clínicos de la FP puede variar y puede ser similar a otros padecimientos como infección por Salmonella (salmonelosis) o por Campylobacter (campilobacteriosis), pancreatitis, infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF), o la infección por el virus de la leucemia felina (VLFE). Los gatos infectados pueden mostrar signos que sugieren cuadros similares al envenenamiento o que han tragado algún cuerpo extraño.
SIGNOS CLÍNICOS
- Signos similares a envenenamiento
- Ataxia cerebral (gatitos)
- Depresión
- Anorexia
- Fiebre
- Vómito
- Diarrea sanguinolenta
- Aborto
Los primeros signos que el dueño pudiera observar incluyen; depresión generalizada, pérdida del apetito, fiebre alta, somnolencia, vómito, diarrea severa, descarga nasal, y deshidratación. Los gatos enfermos pueden permanecer echados constantemente cerca del bebedero pero sin beber mucha agua. Es común, que la enfermedad continúe durante tres o cuatro días después del inicio de la fiebre. En algunos gatos, la fiebre puede variar durante la enfermedad y repentinamente presentar hipotermia (temperatura por debajo de lo normal) poco tiempo antes de la muerte.
Por instinto, los gatos son hábiles ocultando la enfermedad y cuando los signos pueden ser percibidos la situación puede ser muy grave. Por lo consiguiente, si su mascota muestra cualquier comportamiento anormal o señales de enfermedad, es importante que su gato sea examinado por su Médico Veterinario lo más pronto posible. La PF se puede sospechar basándose en la historia de exposición a un gato infectado, falta de vacunación, y los signos evidentes de enfermedad. La PF se confirma cuando el parvovirus felino se identifica en la sangre o en las heces.
Epidemiología
La infección ocurre cuando el gato entra en contacto con la sangre, orina, materia fecal, secreciones nasales y aún con pulgas de gatos infectados. De la misma forma, el gato se puede infectar sin entrar en contacto directo con otros gatos infectados. La cama, jaulas, utensilios para comer y beber, así como las manos o ropa de los cuidadores pueden albergar y transmitir el virus a otros gatos. Por lo consiguiente, es de suma importancia el aislamiento de gatos enfermos. Cualquier utensilio utilizado o que haya sido expuesto a gatos infectados no debe ser usado o no se debe permitir que entre en contacto con otros gatos, y las personas que se ocupan del cuidado de gatos infectados deben practicar las medidas higiénicas apropiada para prevenir que la enfermedad se propague.
Es difícil erradicar el virus que causa la PF debido a que es muy estable y resistente a la mayoría de los desinfectantes comunes. El virus cuando permanece a temperatura ambiente puede ser infectante hasta por un año y puede contagiar a otros gatos durante ese período. Idealmente, aquellos gatos que no han sido vacunados no deben permanecer en un área donde un animal infectado ha sido alojado previamente, aun cuando el área haya sido desinfectada.
Las hembras gestantes pueden contraer la enfermedad, (aún en forma leve) y pueden parir gatitos con daños cerebrales severos. En la mayoría de los casos, si un gato se recupera de la PF, no infectará otros gatos a través del contacto directo.
Inmunidad
A pesar de que los gatos de cualquier edad pueden ser afectados por el parvovirus felino que causa la PF, los gatitos jóvenes, los gatos enfermos, y los gatos que no han sido vacunados son los más susceptibles. Se presenta más frecuentemente en gatos de tres a cinco meses de edad. En el 75 % de los gatos menores de 16 semanas de edad la enfermedad es casi siempre fatal.
El virus ha sido aislado en todas las regiones de la Unión Americana y en la mayoría de los países del mundo. Las pensiones, tiendas de mascotas, albergues humanitarios, y otros sitios donde se agrupan gatos callejeros sin vacunación, actualmente parecen ser el mayor reservorio de la PF. Durante los meses calurosos, es frecuente presenciar brotes de PF en las áreas urbanas porque los gatos entran en contacto directo con otros gatos.
Tratamiento
El pronóstico de recuperación en los gatitos infectados con la PF de menos de ocho semanas de edad es muy pobre. Los gatos adultos pueden tener una mayor oportunidad de sobrevivir si se administra un tratamiento oportuno al inicio de la enfermedad. No existe ningún medicamento capaz de eliminar al virus, el tratamiento se limita a medidas de sostén con medicamentos y líquidos hasta que el organismo y sistema inmunológico del gato pueda erradicar el virus. Sin el soporte no es adecuado, hasta el 90% de gatos con PF pueden morir.
Una vez que se diagnostica a un gato con la PF, el tratamiento adecuado corregirá la deshidratación, suministrará los nutrientes requeridos, y prevendrá infecciones secundarias. Si el gato sobrevive las primeras 48 horas, la oportunidad de recuperación es mucho mayor. Una vez en casa, el lugar donde el gato permanecerá debe mantenerse a una temperatura confortable, libre de corrientes de aire, y muy limpio. El aislamiento estricto de otros gatos que habitan en la casa es esencial para prevenir que el virus se propague. Otros gatos que pudieron estar en contacto con el animal infectado, o en contacto con objetos o personas que han estado en contacto directo con el gato enfermo, deben ser examinados minuciosamente para detectar la aparición repentina de algunos signos característicos de la enfermedad. Desafortunadamente, algunos gatos pueden perder el deseo de vivir cuando sufren una enfermedad grave, por lo tanto el acariciarlos frecuentemente, darles de comer en la boca, y un buen cuidado por el dueño es esencial para favorecer la recuperación.
Prevención
Los gatos que sobreviven a una infección natural por la PF desarrollan inmunidad y están protegidos por el resto de sus vidas. Casos leves que pasan inadvertidos también producirán inmunidad que los protegerá de una infección en el futuro.
También es posible que los gatitos recién nacidos reciban inmunidad temporal a través de la transferencia de anticuerpos por medio del calostro, la primera leche producida por la madre. Por cuánto tiempo esta inmunidad pasiva protegerá a los gatitos de la infección, dependerá del nivel de anticuerpos en el organismo materno. Es poco común que sea efectiva en gatos mayores de 12 semanas de edad.
“Vale más la pena una onza de prevención que una libra de curación” definitivamente este concepto se aplica a la infección por la PF – la prevención es más eficaz que el tratamiento de un gato infectado. En la actualidad, existen vacunas que ofrecen una excelente protección en contra de la infección por el parvovirus felino. Estas vacunas estimulan la producción de anticuerpos por el organismo del gato que lo protegen. Posteriormente, si el gato vacunado llega a entrar en contacto con un gato infectado, su cuerpo luchará en contra de la infección debido a esos mismos anticuerpos producidos en respuesta a la vacuna.
Las vacunas son eficaces para la prevención de PF, pero éstas no pueden curar un gato que no haya sido vacunado una vez que este se pone enfermo. Para ser efectivas, las vacunas deben ser administradas antes de que el gato sea expuesto al virus. La mayoría de los gatos reciben la primera vacunación entre las seis y ocho semanas de edad y deben ser revacunados aproximadamente cuando cumplan 16 semanas de edad. Los programas específicos de vacunación para el gato adulto varían dependiendo de algunos factores, como la edad y el estado de salud, así como la incidencia de la enfermedad en la zona. El dueño del gato debe consultar a su Médico Veterinario para que le aconseje del mejor programa de vacunación para su gato.
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